Table of Contents

The Peopling of the Earth

PREFACE

AUTHORITIES

The Peopling of the Earth

JAPHETH

GOMER

MAGOG

MADAI

JAVAN

TUBAL

MESHECH

TIRAS

HAM

CUSH

THE SONS OF CUSH

MIZRAIM

PHUT

CANAAN

SHEM

ELAM

ASSHUR

ARPHAXAD

LUD

ARAM

THE DESCENDANTS OF PELEG

SUPPLEMENTAL NOTE

The Peopling of the Earth

OR,

HISTORICAL NOTES ON THE TENTH CHAPTER OF GENESIS.

BY

ALONZO T. JONES.

OAKLAND, CAL.:

Pacific Press Publishing House.

1887.

THE PEOPLING OF THE EARTH.

Copyright, 1887,

BY

ALONZO T. JONES.

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

PREFACE

The following historical notes on the tenth chapter of Genesis are the result of the lessons to the students of the Bible and history in Healdsburg College, California, in the winter of 1886-87. One morning a highly esteemed friend, Eld. S. N. Haskell, was present at the recitation as the class was reviewing this subject, and he was so pleased with the view that was thus given that he exacted a promise that a brief sketch of the subject should be written out for publication, that the matter might have a wider circulation. In fulfillment of that promise the following pages are now sent forth. I lay no claim to originality in the results announced. I have simply brought together in this form the results of the research of others. On the next page will be found a list of the authorities consulted. I have made no statement but upon the authority of some one or more of these. In the matter of references, all direct quotations are duly credited at the close of each quotation itself; while for the authority for the general course of the subject, as I have done all the arguing and weighing of arguments, outside of the book, and have put only the conclusions in the book, there are many places in which the result announced in a single sentence is gathered from the study and comparison of perhaps a halfdozen different works, therefore I have thought it better to give a full list of the principal authors consulted than to load down the pages with particular references for each statement. If by this sketch I shall succeed in causing Bible readers to see in the tenth chapter of Genesis something more than a barren list of almost meaningless names, I shall be content. Alonzo T. Jones.

Oakland, Cal, Sept. 1, 1887.

AUTHORITIES

Herodotus, Rawlinson's translation. Appleton & Co., New York, 1885.

Lenormant, Manual of the Ancient History of the East. Asher & Co, London, 1869.

Prichard, Physical History of Mankind. London, 1844.

Prichard, Natural History of Man. London, 1844.

Anthon, Classical Dictionary. Harper Bros., New York, 1887.

Rawlinson, Seven Great Monarchies. Alden, New York, 1885.

Grote, History of Greece. Alden, New York, 1883.

Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. London, 1820.

Rambaud, History of Russia. Alden, New York, 1886.

Rawlinson, Origin of Nations. Scribners, New York, 1885.

Farrar, Life of Paul. E. P Dutton, New York, 1880.

Philip Smith, History of the World. Appleton & Co., New York (3 vols.), 1865, 1866, 1870.

Encyclopedia Britannica, ninth edition.

McClintock & Strong, Biblical Cyclopedia.

Smith, Dictionary of the Bible.

Kitto, Biblical Cyclopedia.

Josephus.

Bricks from Babel. Alden, New York, 1885.

Labberton, New Historical Atlas. MacCoun, New York, 1886.

Biblical Atlas and Gazetteer. Religious Tract Society, London.

The Peopling of the Earth

"These are the three sons of Noah; and of them was the whole earth overspread." Gen. 9:19.

The Bible gives us the origin of nations as well as the origin of the world, of man, of sin, and of salvation. In all these things the Bible record is absolutely correct, because it is the word of God. "All Scripture is given by inspiration of God." In the tenth chapter of Genesis there is given a catalogue of the sons and sons' sons of Noah, and the catalogue and chapter close with these words; "These are the families of the sons of Noah, after their generations, in their, nations; and by these were the nations divided in the earth after the flood." In this chapter there is given us the origin of nations; and from these have come all the races and nations of men. That this has been doubted or disputed, does not affect the fact. The record bears every fair and genuine test that is put upon it; and every such test, however searching, only serves more clearly to demonstrate the perfect truthfulness of the record made by Moses more than thirty-three hundred years ago, and that still stands in the book of Genesis.

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Professor George Rawlinson says:-

" 'That precious document the 'Toldoth Beni Noah' or 'Book of the Generations of the sons of Noah' well deserves to be called 'the most authentic record that we possess for the affiliation of nations.' "-Seven Great Monarchies, First Mon., chap. iii, paragraph 13.

Again:-

"The Mosaical narrative conveys the exact truth-a truth alike in accordance with the earliest classical traditions, and with the latest results of modern comparative philology."-Id., par. 2.

And again:-

"The 'Toldoth Beni Noah' has extorted the admiration of modern ethnologists, who continually find in it anticipations of their greatest discoveries. . . . On the whole, the scheme of ethnic affiliation given in the tenth chapter of Genesis is pronounced 'safer' to follow than any other; and the 'Toldoth Beni Noah' commends itself to the ethnic inquire as 'the most authentic record that we possess for the affiliation of nations,' and as a document 'of the very highest antiquity.' "-Historical Evidences, lecture ii.

Says M. FranÁois Lenormant:-

"In the tenth chapter of the book of Genesis, Moses gives us a table of the nations known in his time, as affiliated to these three great chiefs [Shem, Ham, and Japheth] of the new race of postdiluvian humanity. This is the most ancient, the most precious, the most complete document which we possess on the distribution of the ancient nations of the world. . . . This document furnishes an inestimably valuable basis for the researches of ethnography, that is, the science which investigates

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the relationships of nations with each other, and their origin. The attentive study of historical tradition, the comparison of languages, and the examination of the physiological characteristics of different nations, lead to results in complete accordance with the inspired volume."-Manual of the Ancient History of the East, book i, chap. iv, sec. 3, par. 1, 2.

"In the Bible, this subject [of the origin and affinities of races], like all other scientific questions, is rather touched upon incidentally as connected with the history of mankind, than in any formal and exact manner; yet the information thus afforded is of inestimable value, being, in fact, the only trustworthy clew to guide the investigator through the labyrinth in which later complications, and especially recent speculations, have involved the whole matter. Infidelity has striven hard to impugn the statements of Scripture on this ground especially; and it is therefore satisfactory to know that the most candid and general researches strongly tend to corroborate the positions of Holy Writ relative to all the main points involved in the discussion."-McClintock and Strong's Cyclopedia, article Ethnology.

Until the building of the tower of Babel the descendants of Noah all dwelt together in the same relative region, "And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech." Gen. 11:1. Then at the building of the tower, God confounded their language so that they might not understand one another's speech. "So the Lord scattered them abroad from thence upon the face of all the earth; and they left off to build the city. Therefore is the name of it called Babel; because the Lord did there confound the language of all the earth; and

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from thence did the Lord scatter them abroad upon the face of all the earth." Gen. 11:8, 9.

In an inscription of the great Nebuchadnezzar there is a curious and striking reference to this story of Babel and the confusion of tongues. He tells how he had repaired and embellished the tower in honor of one of his gods, saying:-

"The first, which is the house of the earth's base, the most ancient monument of Babylon, I built and finished it; I have highly exalted its head with bricks covered with copper. We say for the other, that is, this edifice, the house of the Seven Lights of the Earth, the most ancient monument of Borsippa: A former king built it (they reckon forty-two ages), but he did not complete its head. Since a remote time people had abandoned it, without order expressing their words. Since that time, the earthquake and the thunder had dispersed its sundried clay; the bricks of the casing had been split, and the earth of the interior had been scattered in heaps. Merodach, the great lord, excited my mind to repair this building. I did not change the site, nor did I take away the foundation-stone. In a fortunate month, an auspicious day, I undertook to build porticoes around the crude brick masses, and the casing of burnt bricks. I adapted the circuits. I put the inscription of my name in the Kitir of the porticoes. I set my hand to finish it, and to exalt its head. As it had been in former times, so I founded, I made it; as it had been in ancient days, so I exalted its summit."-McClintock and Strong, art. Tongues, Confusion of.

The confusion of tongues and consequent dispersion of men into nationalities occurred in the days of Peleg the

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great-great-grandson of Shem. "Unto Eber were born two sons; the name of one was Peleg [that is, Division]; for in his days was the earth divided." Gen. 10:25. Peleg was born one hundred and one years after the flood. For Shem "begat Arphaxad two years after the flood;" Arphaxad was thirty-five years old when Salah was born; Salah was thirty years old when Eber was born; and Eber was thirty-four years old when Peleg was born. Gen. 11:10-16." Thus we have 2+35+30+34=101 years after the flood, when Peleg was born, in whose days the families of the sons of Noah, in their nations, were divided in the earth.

JAPHETH

In tracing these nationalities we shall take up the names in the order in which they are given. The first are "the sons of Japheth," and the first of these is

GOMER

Apart from his genealogical relation there is no further mention made of Gomer in the Scriptures except in Eze. 38:6. There "Gomer and all his bands" are spoken of in connection with Togarmah, as being "of the north quarters." To say nothing here as to the age of the world when this applies-it being a prophecy and not history-this passage proves that the place of Gomer and all his bands must be found to the north of the land of Palestine. This being the limit of the Scripture narrative regarding Gomer and his bands, any further information must be gathered from other sources.

Amongst profane writers the first mention of the people of Gomer is by Homer, about 850 b. c., who says:-

"There in a lonely land, and gloomy cells, The dusky nation of Cimmeria dwells; The sun ne'er views the uncomfortable seats, When radiant he advances or retreats: Unhappy race! whom endless night invades, Clouds the dull air, and wraps them round in shades."

-Odyssey, book xi, 15-20, Pope's translation.

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The Cimmerians here named are the people of Gomer only with a slight variation in the name-Gomerians, Cimmerians-and from 800 to 600 b. c. this people under the name of Cimmerii, Gimiri, or Gomerin, played no inconsiderable part in the affairs of Western Asia. The land of darkness spoken of by Homer as the country of the Cimmerians was the northern coast of the Black Sea. There also is where ∆schylus, about b. c. 500, placed Cimmeria. And Herodotus, b. c. 484-424, says: "The land which is now inhabited by the Scyths was formerly the country of the Cimmerians;" and that "the mart of the Borysthenites . . . is situated in the very center of the whole sea-coast of Scythia." The Borysthenites were the people who lived about the River Borysthenes, and the ancient Borysthenes is the modern Dnieper that flows southward through Russia and empties into the Black Sea just west of the Crimea.

The Cimmerians possessed the whole northern coast of the Black Sea and the country of the Ukraine, that is, the country watered by the River Dnieper and its tributaries. But in 650-600 b. c. the Scythians, who covered the vast region above the Caucasus Mountains and the Caspian Sea, poured down upon the Cimmerians, and dispossessed them of their country. The main body of the Cimmerians moved toward the west, where we shall find them again after a while, while a small section moved down through the Caucasus Mountains into Asia Minor, and inflicted upon its people and provinces the like desolations that had come upon themselves and their own country by the Scythians. Many a predatory raid their race had made before in company with the Thracian tribes, but this was a perfect torrent of desolation.

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"The Cimmerian invaders carried ruin and devastation over all the fairest regions of Lower Asia. Paphlagonia, Bithynia, Ionia, Phrygia, even Cilicia, as well as Lydia, were plundered and laid waste; in Phrygia, Midas, the king, despairing of any effectual resistance, on the approach of the dreaded foe, is said to have committed suicide; in. Lydia, as we know from Herodotus, they took the capital city, all but the acropolis; in Ionia, they ravaged the valley of the Cayster, besieged Ephesus, and, according to some accounts, burnt the temple of Diana in its vicinity; after which they are thought to have proceeded southward into the plain of the MÊander, and to have sacked the city of Magnesia. One body, under a leader whom the Greeks called Lygdamis, even penetrated as far as Cilicia, and there sustained a terrible reverse at the hands of the hardy mountaineers. . . . Still the strength of the invaders was not broken by this defeat. It was only in the third generation that the Lydian princes were able to expel them from the territories under their dominion. Even then, it is a mistake to say that they were driven out of Asia. . . . The Cimmerians, long after the time of their expulsion from Lydia by Alyattes, maintained themselves in certain strongholds, as Antandrus, which, according to Aristotle, they occupied for a hundred years, and Sinope, where, Herodotus informs us, they made a permanent settlement. The history of Lydia during the time of their supremacy was almost a blank."-Rawlinson's Herodotus, appendix, to book i, essay i, section, 14.

Herodotus says that in his time-

"Scythia still retains traces of the Cimmerians; there are Cimmerian castles, and a Cimmerian ferry, also a

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tract called Cimmeria, and a Cimmerian Bosphorus."-Id., book iv, chap. 12.

And in our day traces of them still remain in the name of the little peninsula that projects into the Black Sea on the north, the Crimea, and Crim Tartary, as well as in the Russian city Eski-Krim-Old Krim-"which marks the site of the ancient town of Cimmerium." It is evident therefore that the country north of the Black Sea was the place of the Cimmerians, the people of Gomer, and the Crimea still bears testimony to the fact; Gomer, Gomerin, Gimiri, Cimmerii, Crimea.

The second named of the sons of Japheth is

MAGOG

This name, like that of Gomer, is not mentioned in the Scriptures, apart from its genealogical relation, except in Eze. 38 and 39, and Rev. 20:8. And, like Gomer, the land of Magog and his people is placed in the north from Palestine. Eze. 38:15 says; "And thou shalt come from thy place out of the north parts, thou, and many people with thee, all of them riding upon horses, a great company, and a mighty army." In the account of the Cimmerians we stated that the Scythians who inhabited the vast regions to the north of the Caspian Sea swept down upon the Cimmerians, drove them out, and took possession of their country. These Scythians were the people of Magog. By some of the successors of Alexander the Great, there was a wall built, called the Caucasian wall, which extended from the western shore of the Caspian Sea, at Derbend, almost to the eastern shore of the Black Sea. This wall was built as a defense against the inroads of the Scythian hordes, and is still called "the wall of Gog and Magog."

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"From the accounts found among the Arabians, Persinus, and Syrians, . . . we learn that they comprehended under the designation Yajuj and Majuj all the less known barbarous people of the Northeast and Northwest of Asia."-McClintock and Strong, article Magog.

Of these peoples Rambaud says:-

"Beyond the line of Greek colonies [about the northern coast of the Black Sea] dwelt a whole world of tribes, whom the Greeks designated by the common name of Scythians."-History of Russia, chap. ii, par. 2.

Of the multitude of people who dwelt in this boundless region, the chief in the time of Herodotus were three distinct bodies of Scythians properly so called. First, there were the "Scythian cultivators," or "husbandmen," who possessed the country drained by the Dnieper-the Ukraine-of which the Cimmerians had been dispossessed. Secondly, the "Nomad" or "Wandering Scythians, who neither plough nor sow." Thirdly, the Royal Scythians, "the largest and bravest of the Scythian tribes, which looks upon all the other tribes in the light of slaves." These were of the same habits as the wandering Scythians. Their principal seat was between the Dnieper and the Don. Besides these there was a fourth division composed of tribes that had revolted from the Royal Scythians and dwelt upon the eastern sources of the Volga.

"The Nomads were the genuine Scythians, possessing the marked attributes of the race, and including among their number the Royal Scythians-hordes so much more populous and more effective in war than the rest, as to maintain undisputed ascendency, and to account all other Scythians no better than their slaves." "If the

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habits of the Scythians were such as to create in the near observer no other feeling than repugnance, their force at least inspired terror. They appeared in the eyes of Thucydides [b. c. 471-429] so numerous and so formidable that he pronounces them irresistible, if they could but unite, by any other nation within his knowledge. Herodotus, too, conceived the same idea of a race among whom every man was a warrior and a practiced horse-bowman, and who were placed by their mode of life out of all reach of an enemy's attack."-Grote's History of Greece, part ii, chap. xvii, par. 17, 19.

About 630 b. c., after driving out the Cimmerians from the Ukraine, a torrent of the Scythians swept down by the Caspian Sea and overran Media, Assyria, and Upper Mesopotamia, clear to the borders of Palestine, and kept Media and Assyria in a state of terror for about twenty years before they could be driven out. Nor were the Scythians confined to the country of the Dnieper, the Don, and the Volga, for when Alexander the Great, in his conquering march reached the River Jaxartes-the present Syr-Daria-at the seventieth degree of east longitude, he found Scythian warriors there to dispute his passage of that river; he crossed nevertheless and defeated them. In truth the region of the Altai Mountains was about the center, from east to west, of the widespread people of Magog; for they reached from Europe to the Pacific Ocean. Of the principal divisions of the races that spring from these we may name:-

1. The ancient Mongols, or Mongolians, from whom came the Chinese and Indo-Chinese, the Siamese, the Anamese, the Burmese, the Cambodians, the Thibetans, the Japanese, and the aborigines of North and South

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America, from Alaska to Patagonia. "Says Fontaine: 'If a congregation of twelve men from Malacca, China, Japan, Mongolia, the South Sea Islands, Chili, Peru, Brazil, Chickasaws, and Comanches were dressed alike, or undressed and unshaven, the most skillful anatomist could not from their appearance separate them.' "-Bricks from Babel, chap. xi.

2. The Malays, who have peopled the Malay Peninsula, the Malay or East Indian Archipelago, Madagascar, and the greater portion of the islands of the Pacific Ocean. "This astonishing expansion of the Malaysian peoples throughout the Oceanic area is sufficiently attested by the diffusion of a common Malayo-Polynesian speech from Madagascar to Easter Island and from Hawaii to New Zealand."-Encyc. Brit., article Malays.

3. The Huns, whose "ancient and perhaps original seat" was in the country now called Mongolia, immediately above the Great Wall of China; who in the early part of the third century before Christ had spread their power eastward to the Pacific at the extremity of Corea, west to the River Irtysh, north to the extremity of Lake Baikal; and against whose inroads the Great Wall-1,500 miles long-was built to protect the territories of China. But in vain, for in 201 b. c., the Huns swept over China and brought it under tribute till about 87 b. c., when their power over China was broken. Their power then steadily declined till a. d. 93, when it was utterly destroyed in the east by the rise of the Sienpi. In a. d. 375 they poured into Europe, and under Attila, a. d. 433-453, their power was established from the Danube to the Ural, and from the Baltic to the Mediterranean Sea. At the death of Attila, their power was

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broken, their empire was destroyed, and they were driven back into the Scythian steppes, in the country of the Volga and the Ural. Their modern representatives are the Bulgarians proper, numbering about 1,500,000 people. Says Prichard:-

"It may be considered, as M. Zeuss has shown, as an historical fact, that the Bulgarians were the remains of the Hunns, who, after their defeat on the death of Attila, retreated to the banks of the Wolga and the plains, extending from Bolgari [Wolga or Volga, Wolgari, Bolgari, Bulgari, Bulgarians] to the Euxine. From that country, called, as we have seen, Great Bulgaria, issued the hordes of Bulgarians who, at a later period, crossed the Danube and established the Bulgarian kingdom."-Physical History of Mankind, vol. iv, chap. xvi, sec. vi, par. 1.

4. The modern Mongols or Moguls, who, under Jenghiz Khan or Zingis Khan, and his sons, a. d. 1162-1241 established their empire from the China Sea to the borders of Moravia, and almost repeated it under Tamerlane a. d. 1361-1405, and who still remain in the country, and nation of Mongolia.

5. The Tartars, who under the name of Sienpi broke the power of the Huns in a. d. 93; who led the vanguard in the great Mogul invasion of Europe, a. d. 1238; and whose name still remains in Uzbeck and Kalmuck and Crim or Crimea Tartars.

6. The Turks, Turkmans, or Turcomans, who early in the Christian era emigrated from Central Asia to the northern country about the Caspian and Aral Seas. In a. d. 997-1028 Mahmud, the first who bore the title of Sultan, began a career of conquest that has made the name, and nation of the Turks one among the most

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mous in history, and is now a source of constant jealousy and contention among the nations of Europe.

7. The Finns, who in five groups have peopled the following countries: (a) The Finns proper in Finland and the Baltic provinces of Esthonia, Livonia, and Courland; (b) the Lapps in Lapland and parts of northern Sweden and Norway; (c) the Permian Finns in the northern habitable portion of Russia proper; (d) the Volga Finns on both banks, and the branches, of the Upper Volga: (e) the Ugrian Finns, between the Ural Mountains and the Yenisei River above the fifty-ninth degree north latitude, and in Hungary. For it was from the tribes of Ugrian Finns that the Magyars came, who in the ninth century were such a scourge to Eastern Europe, and who in 889 and onward finally settled in what is now Hungary (Ugri, Wengri, Ungri, Ungari, Hungari, Hungary). Besides these there are, of the Ugrian Finns, the Esquimaux of North America.

8. The Sarmatians, who sprung from the Royal Scythians, and who in the days of Herodotus dwelt east of the Don, but before the end of the first century of the Christian era had spread their name over all Eastern Europe from the River Volga to the Baltic Sea, and their name was even extended to the Baltic itself, that sea being then called the Sarmatian Ocean. From the Sarmatians are descended the Slavonians that have peopled Russia, Poland, Bohemia, Moravia, Servia, and other provinces, of lesser note, in those regions. See p. 299.

All these are the people of Magog, and it will be seen at a glance that "the land of Magog" is the steppe country of Northern Asia, and is now represented in the Russian possessions, which stretch from the borders of Germany to the Pacific Ocean.

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The third of the sons of Japheth is

MADAI

From Madai came the Medes, whose country lay immediately southeast of the Caspian Sea; in whose subject cities were placed the captives of the ten tribes taken by Sargon, king of Assyria, about 720 b. c. (2 Kings 17:6; 18:11); who, joined with the Persians, destroyed the kingdom of Babylon 538 b. c., and established the MedoPersian Empire, that continued till 331 b. c., when it was destroyed by Alexander the Great. "That Madai is synonymous with the Medes is certain. He represents the great Iranian family which holds so important a place among the Japhetic and Arian populations."-Lenormant.

The fourth in the list of the sons of Japheth is

JAVAN

From Javan came the Greeks; for in the Hebrew Dan. 8:21 reads "king of Javan," 10:20 "prince of Javan," and 11:2 "realm of Javan," instead of "king," "prince," and "realm" of "Grecia" or "Greece." The Revised Version gives Javan in the margin of each of these places.

"This name, or its analogue, is found as a designation of Greece not only in all the Shemitic dialects, but also in the Sanscrit, the Old Persic, and the Egyptian, and the form Iaones appears in Homer as the designation of the early inhabitants of Attica. . . . The occurrence of the name in the cuneiform inscriptions of the time of Sargon, in the form of Yavnan or Yunan, as descriptive of the isle of Cyprus, where the Assyrians first came in contact with the power of the Greeks, further shows that

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its use was not confined to the Hebrews, but was widely spread throughout the East."-McClintock and Strong, article Javan.

The name of Grecia embraced Macedonia, Epirus, Thessaly, Acarnania, ∆tolia, Locris, Doris, Phocis, Búotia, Eubúa, Attica, Megaris, Corinthia, Achaia, Elis, Arcadia, Argolis, Messene, and Laconia. And this is the country of Javan. Under Alexander the Great the people of Javan spread their empire over all countries from the Adriatic Sea to the River Hyphasis, and their power was recognized by all known nations of the world. Out of Javan, also, went the people who inhabited Italy, and who, under the name of Rome, grew to such power that "to be a Roman was greater than to be a kin and spread their iron empire over all the world.

The fifth of the sons of Japheth is

TUBAL

He is mentioned in Eze. 38:2, 3 and 39:1 in connection with Magog, and in Eze. 27:13 is associated with those who traded in the Tyrian fairs, in persons of men-slaves-and vessels of brass; and is placed in the "north parts" the same as Gomer and Magog, whom we have already identified. This would show that Tubal belongs to the same region of country as those. The people of Tubal are mentioned by the Assyrian kings, in their inscriptions, by the name Tuplai, and were found by them in Cappadocia. There were a large number of their tribes and they were apparently of considerable importance in the wars of the Assyrian kings, in the Northwest. They seem to have been spread over the most of the country from Cilicia to the Black Sea. By

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Herodotus and other Greek writers they are called Tibarini. In the retreat of the Ten Thousand, 400 b. c., some of their tribes were an independent people dwelling on the southern coast of the Black Sea, west of Colchis, and it required two days' march to cross their country. Some of their tribes went west and as Iberians peopled Spain and Sicily; and an important body of them went north with Meshech, who comes next in the list.

The sixth of the sons of Japheth is

MESHECH

In the Scriptures Meshech and Tubal are always mentioned together, with a single exception. Eze. 27:13; 38:2, 3; 39:1. They are named and can be traced in the Assyrian inscriptions "from the commencement of the twelfth to the middle of the seventh century b. c." In these inscriptions they are called Muskai, and are placed in the vicinity of the Tuplai, with whom they are constantly associated, as in the Bible. By Herodotus they are called Moschi and are always mentioned in connection with the Tibarini-Meshech and Tubal. Their troops and those of the Tibarini were under the same commander in the great expedition of Xerxes against Athens, 484-479 b. c. The country of Meshech-the Moschi-was in Cappadocia, Colchis, and Armenia, about what is now the vicinity of Kars and Erzeroum. Those of the people of Meshech and Tubal who dwelt there were not all that there were of either nation. For about 650 b. c. the Cappadocians, a people of Persian origin, forced their way into the country of the Moschi and Tibarini, and pressed them back to narrow limits on the Black Sea and about the foot of the Caucasus

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Mountains, and some of both peoples crossed the Caucasus into the Steppe country on the North-Scythia, now the Russian possessions. There the Moschi became known as Muskors and then "Muscovites, who built Moscow and who still give name to Russia [Muscovy] throughout the East." The Tibarini-people of Tubal-who went with the Moschi-people of Meshech-settled on and gave name to the River Tobol and the place Tobolsk, another portion of the Russian possessions, east of the Ural Mountains.

Right here we may mention an interesting point: There is a name so intimately associated with these last two that, although it is not mentioned in the tenth chapter of Genesis, we ought not to pass it by. In Eze. 38:2, 3 and 39:1, King James's Version of the Scriptures reads; "Gog, the land of Magog, the chief prince of Meshech and Tubal"-margin, "prince of the chief," etc. But the Revised Version reads, "Gog, the land of Magog, the prince of Rosh, Meshech, and Tubal." Now from this "Rosh" comes the modern name and nation of Russians (Rosh, Roas, Rouss, Russ, Russians; or Rosh, Roust Rossia, Rossiane).

"Gesenius considers it beyond doubt that by Rosh is intended the tribe on the north of the Taurus, so called from the neighborhood to the Rha or Volga, and that in this name and tribe we have the first trace of the Russ or Russian nation."-Smith's Bible Dictionary. "This early Biblical notice of so great an empire is doubly interesting from its being a solitary instance."-McClintock and Strong.

We have already seen that "the land of Magog" through his descendants comprises the entire country of

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Northern Asia from Germany to the Pacific Ocean. This prophecy of Ezekiel refers in some way to the last days (38:2, 3, 8, 16) and shows that then Russia and the prince of Russia, will be the chief of all that country, and that Meshech and Tubal would also dwell in the land of Magog under its Russian chief. So that 587 years b. c., 2474 years ago, the prophet of God pointed out the Russian Empire as it exists to-day. The Scripture is given by inspiration of God.

The seventh and last of the sons of Japheth is

TIRAS

Tiras was the ancestor of the Thracians. Herodotus declared of them in his day:-

"The Thracians are the most powerful people in the world, except, of course, the Indians [the people of India he says, were 'more numerous than any other nation with which we are acquainted'-iii, 94]; and if they had one head, or were agreed among themselves, it is my belief that their match could not be found anywhere and that they would far surpass all other nations. But such union is impossible for them, and there are no means of ever bringing it about. Herein, therefore, consists their weakness. The Thracians bear many names in the different regions of their country, but all of them have like usages in every respect, excepting only the GetÊ, the Trausi, and those who dwell above the people of Creston."-Book v, chap. 3.

It is impossible to tell how many tribes there were of the Thracians, but more than fifty are known. They extended from the River Halys in Asia Minor over the greater part of Asia Minor and westward over Thrace

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and MÊsia to Rivers Save and Drave in Europe. The Thynians and Bithynians, the Phrygians and Mysians, the Paphlagonians and Mariandynians of Asia Minor, were all of Thracian nationality. Of the Thracians in Europe, the tribes are too numerous to attempt to mention here. They were so powerful that in b. c. 429 the king of one of the tribes, the OdrysÊ, re-enforced by the PÊonians, invaded Macedonia, at the head of 150,000 men, of whom 50,000 were cavalry. In the time of Strabo, who lived from b. c. 57 till 21 a. c., their military strength was estimated at 200,000 foot and 15,000 horse. This, in spite of the weakness caused by the disunion of which Herodotus speaks.

The most notable of their tribes were, the Odrysú already mentioned; the Triballi with whom Alexander the Great warred before he started for Persia; the Daci who peopled the country of Dacia north of the Danube and which was conquered by the Romans in a war of five years and reduced to a province a. c. 104, but was afterward abandoned to the Goths, a. c. 272; the Músi who inhabited the country immediately south of the Danube, which from them was called MÊsia and corresponded to what is now Servia and Bulgaria, and was made a Roman province about 16 b. c. Besides these, and most notable of all, were the Getú from whom came the Goths who acted so great a part in the destruction of the Roman Empire. In the Scythian expedition of Darius Hystaspes, 515 b. c., the GetÊ were encountered and their country crossed before he reached the Danube. As early as the days of Cyrus the Great a branch of the GetÊ called MassagetÊ, that is "greater GetÊ"-greater Goths-pronounced by Herodotus "a great and warlike

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nation," inhabited the steppe country east of the Caspian Sea; and west of them dwelt another branch called the Thyssagetú, that is, "lesser GetÊ"-lesser Goths. In the time of Herodotus the principal seat of the ThyssagetÊ was west of the main stream of the Upper Volga. Several centuries before the Christian era, a body composed apparently of both the lesser and the greater Goths-Thyssagetú and Massagetú-migrated westward to the Baltic and fixed their abode in the southern part of Sweden where there remained a kingdom of Gothia until the twelfth century, when, in 1161, the crowns of both Sweden and Gothia were united on the head of Charles Swerkerson, "who assumed the title of King of the Swedes and the Goths, which his successors bear to this day." The southern point of Sweden still bears the name of Gothland. It was from this Gothland, and about the beginning of the Christian era, that a large body of Goths crossed the Baltic, and as Ostro-Eastern-Goths, Visi-Western-Goths, GepidÊ-loiterers, because they lagged behind while crossing the sea-and perhaps the Heruli and Vandals, settled about the mouth of the River Vistula, whence they spread to the Black Sea and overwhelmed the Roman Empire.

This completes the list of the sons of Japheth himself, but to get a full view of the part of the earth peopled by Japheth, we must look at the list of his grandsons. Japheth's son Gomer had three sons, Ashkenaz, and Riphath, and Togarmah.

Ashkenaz is mentioned by Jeremiah, 595 b. c., among the kingdoms that should assist in. the destruction of Babylon, and is named in a connection that would show that his place was in the neighborhood of Armenia.

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"Prepare the nations against her, call together against her the kingdoms of Ararat, Minni, and Ashchenaz." Jer. 51:27. The people of Ashkenaz inhabited the country answering to the Bithynia of ancient times, on the southern coast of the Euxine or Black Sea. The Euxine Sea received its name from the name Ashkenaz, and was called first the Sea of Ashkenaz, and from that Axenus, and then Euxine, by which it is known in ancient history. The name of Ashkenaz still remains in the name of the Lake Ascanius in the northeastern part of Asia Minor.

Riphath is found in his descendants, in the neighborhood of the RiphÊan Mountains, now the Carpathians. From Riphath, the son of Gomer, came one branch of the Celts known as Gauls, who peopled the country of Gaul. From Gaul they spread into the northern part of Spain, where their memory long remained in the name Galicia. They also made two great invasions of Italy; the first in the fifteenth century b. c., and the second in the sixth and fifth centuries b. c., when they took possession of all the northern part of the country clear to the River Po. This part of Italy was then from them called by the Latins Gallia Cisalpina-Gaul within the Alps-while Gaul itself was called Gallia Transalpina-Gaul beyond the Alps. In 387 b. c. they took Rome and burnt it to the ground. A division of these from the north of Italy went on east around the head of the Adriatic into the countries between that sea and the River Danube. In 279 b. c. a great body of them swept over Macedonia and Northern Greece, on through Thrace and across the Hellespont, 277 b. c., and finally settled in the country which from them was called Galatia,

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and to their descendants the apostle Paul wrote the epistle to the Galatians.

The Gauls-Celts-also peopled Britain, Ireland, Scotland, and the islands roundabout, it is not known at what date.

It will be remembered that in the account of Gomer himself, we stated that when the Scythians, 650-600 b. c., dispossessed the Cimmerians of the country of the Ukraine, the Cimmerians went toward the west, where we should find them after a while. We must now follow these onward; if we had done so before, the narrative would not have been so clear. They took possession of the country that is now Northern Germany and Denmark, and afterward accompanied their kindred of the children of Riphath in their invasions of Italy. The Cimbri (for so the Cimmerii were then called) and the Gauls form the two branches of the Great Celtic race, and both are often referred to by Roman writers as Gauls. In the time of Alexander the Great all Western Europe above the River Po and the Pyrenees Mountains, from the plains of the Drave and the Save to the Baltic Sea, was possessed by these two peoples, the Celts. And when Alexander the Great held, at Babylon, "the States-general of the world" there came ambassadors from the Celts among those who desired "to propitiate his favor, to celebrate his greatness, or to solicit his protection."

Somewhere about two or three hundred years before Christ another great migration from the East brought to the coast of the Baltic the Teutons and Scandinavians, the descendants of Ashchenaz. Part of them crossed the Baltic, and gave the name of Ashchenaz, As-chunis, Scandia, Scandinavia, to the peninsula of Norway and

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Sweden. The Teutons remained on the south coast of the Baltic, and became the Teutseh, Deutschen, Germans, finally filled all the country between the Baltic and the Upper Danube, and crowded the Cimmerians into the peninsula of Jutland-Denmark-which from them was called the Cimbric Chersonesus. In 113 b. c. a host of Cimbri and Teutons, numbering 300,000 fighting men, carried terror into Italy and Southern Gaul, defeated the Romans three times, and compelled the Roman army to pass under the yoke, 107 b. c., but were finally annihilated by the Romans under Marius 101 b. c. From these Germans came the Franks, the Alemanni, the Burgundians, the Lombards, the Suevi, and Anglo-Saxons, who participated in the ruin and division of Western Rome.

From the Cimbric Chersoneus-Danish peninsula-the Cimbri crossed the sea to Britian and took possession of a great part of the country, which before them had been filled by the Gallic Celts, and their name is still borne to us in the English county of Cumber-land. Then when, in a. d. 449, the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes, the German people, from the mouth of the Elbe and the Danish peninsula, following the same course that the Cimbri had gone before them, crossed the sea and took possession of Britain, such of the Cimbri as escaped their savage rage, fled across the channel to Brittany where they still speak the Cimbric language, or drew back into Wales where they still remain and call themselves not Welsh but Cymry, and call their country not Wales but Cambria. Thus the Irish, the Scotch Highlanders, and the people of the Isle of Man, are Cambia Celts descended from Riphath, the son of Gomer;

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the Welsh are Cimric Celts descended through the Cimmerians from Gomer himself; and the English proper, the Anglo-Saxons, are descended through the Teutons, the Germans, from Ashchenaz, the son of Gomer.

Togarmah, the last of the sons of Gomer, is found in the country and the nation of the Armenians. All the legends and the histories of the Armenians show them to be the descendants of Togarmah. Moses of Chorene, a native Armenian, and who, about a. d. 450, wrote a history of Armenia, says the name of their progenitor was Thargamas. The Armenians "still call themselves 'the house of Thorgom,' the very phrase used by Ezekiel." (Eze. 38:6; 27:14.) The house of Togarmah traded in the fairs of Tyre with "horses and horsemen and mules," and Armenia "was famed of old for its breed of horses." Under the Persian rule "The satrap of Armenia sent yearly to the Persian court 20,000 foals for the feast of Mithras." Besides the Armenians proper the Georgians, Lesghiaus, Mingrelians, and Caucasians, are all descended from one common progenitor, Thargamas, who is Togarmah, the son of Gomer, the son of Japheth.

There yet remain of the people of Japheth the sons of Javan to be noticed. Javan had four sons, the first of whom,

Elishah, was the father of the ∆olians, who inhabited parts of Thessaly, Búotia, ∆tolia, Locris, Elis, and Messene, and formed the first great body of Grecian colonists that established themselves on the coast of Asia Minor.

Tarshish. The people and country of Tarshish were far off from Palestine and toward the west. For we read that under Solomon "the king's ships went to Tarshish

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with the servants of Huram; every three years once came the ships of Tarshish bringing gold, and silver, ivory, apes, and peacocks." Huram was Hiram, king of Tyre. Tyre lay on the Mediterranean, and for ships to go from Tyre to Tarshish in a voyage of three years they would have to go west. Again, Jonah was commanded to go from Palestine to Nineveh, which was on the Tigris away to the northeast. But Jonah refused to go, and rose up to flee "from the presence of the Lord." As his purpose was to escape going to Nineveh, it would be the most natural thing to flee in the opposite direction as far as possible. So we read that "Jonah rose up to flee unto Tarshish, from the presence of the Lord, and went down to Joppa; and he found a ship going to Tarshish; so he paid the fare thereof, and went down into it, to go with them unto Tarshish from the presence of the Lord." Joppa also was on the Mediterranean and was then the principal port of Palestine. In Isa. 66:19 Tarshish is named with other places and isles, that were "afar off." In the fairs of Tyre, Ezekiel 27:12 says, Tarshish "was thy merchant by reason of the multitude of all kind of riches; with silver, iron, tin, and lead, they traded in thy fairs." Ps. 48:7; Isa. 2:16; 23:1, 1, 14; 60:9, and Eze. 27:25, all speak of the "ships of Tarshish."

These evidences all make it positive that Tarshish was "afar off." to the west from Palestine; that it was reached by ships; and that it was so largely devoted to shipping that it was almost proverbial. All this makes it certain that Tartessus, that lay at the mouth of the Guadalquivir in Spain, was the chief seat of Tarshish, the son of Javan. Thus the ships of Tartessus-Tarshish-could gather silver from the rich mines of Spain; tin from the mines of Cornwall in Britain; ivory, apes, and

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peacocks from Africa; and make the voyage once in three years from Tyre and back again. Lenormant allows that the Tyrrhenians of Italy may also have been the children of Tarshish. It is certain that they were the descendants of Javan, that is, the people of Greece.

Kittim or Chittim, the third of the sons of Javan inhabited the islands of the Grecian archipelago, Cyprus, and even others of the Mediterranean Sea, and Corea at the southeast corner of Asia Minor. Isa. 23:1, 12 shows that Chittim was a resting place for the ships of Tarshish; Jer. 2:10 and Eze. 27:6, speak of "the isles of Chittim;" and Dan. 11:30 speaks of "the ships of Chittim;" all showing that Chittim was in the isles of the Mediterranean Sea.

Dodanim was the ancestor of the Dardanians, one portion of whom dwelt in a tract, called from them Dardania, in the neighborhood of ancient Troy on the southern coast of the Sea of Marmora. Another, and the main body, peopled Illyria or Illyricum, the country bordering on the Adriatic Sea opposite Italy. From there some of their tribes went into Italy, of whom the Liburni, and the Veneti are particularly mentioned. "The celebrated name of Venetia was diffused over a large and fertile province of Italy, from the confines of Pannonia to the River Addua, and from the Po to the RhÊtian and Julian Alps."-Gibbon, chap. xxxv, par. 13. When Attila invaded Italy, a. d. 453, spreading devastation everywhere, "many families of Aquileia, Padua, and the adjacent towns, who fled from the sword of the Huns, found a safe though obscure refuge in the neighboring islands."-Id. And there and by these, the city of Venice was afterwards built. And so closes the list of the people of Japheth.

HAM

Egypt is the land of Ham. "Israel also came into Egypt, and Jacob sojourned in the land of Hum." "He sent Moses his servant; and Aaron whom he had chosen. They showed his signs among them, and wonders in the land of Ham." Ps. 105:23, 26, 27. "And smote all the firstborn in Egypt; the chief of their strength in the tabernacles of Ham." Ps. 78:51. "They forgot God their Saviour, which had done great things in Egypt; wondrous works in the land of Ham, and terrible things by the Red Sea." Ps. 106:21, 22. All of the sons of Ham except Canaan established themselves in Africa. The first named of these is

CUSH

The land of Cush is Ethiopia. Says Josephus: "Of the four sons of Ham, time has not at all hurt the name of Chus; for the Ethiopians, over whom he reigned, are even at this day, both by themselves, and by all men in Asia, called the Chusites."-Antiquities, book i, chap. vi, par. 2. "The word Cush is in the Authorized Version, for the most part, translated by Ethiopia." This is also the translation in the Vulgate and the Septuagint, and "by almost all other versions, ancient and modern. The German translation of Luther has Mohrenland, which is equivalent to Negroland or the country of the blacks."

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-McClintock and Strong. Ethiopia lay immediately south of Egypt but with no definite limits. Herodotus says of it, "Where the south declines toward the setting sun, lies the country called Ethiopia, the last inhabited land in that direction. There gold is obtained in great plenty, huge elephants abound, with wild trees of all sorts, and ebony; and the men are taller, handsomer, and longer-lived than anywhere else."-Book iii, 114. And in another place he says of them, "The Ethiopians . . . are said to be the tallest and handsomest men in the whole world."-iii, 20. This would seem to agree with Isa. 45:14, "The labor of Egypt, and merchandise of Ethiopia and of the Sabeans, men of stature, shall come over unto thee, and they shall be thine."

As the children of Ham settled in clusters, it will be most convenient to consider each family in its full connection, before naming the next. Therefore we shall notice here in connection with their father

THE SONS OF CUSH

Seba. The place of Seba is shown by the words of Isaiah just quoted, to be in the region of Ethiopia-Ethiopians and Sabeans, men of stature. It was in fact what is now Soudan, that is, the country that lies east of the main or White Nile, and between the River Atbara and the Blue Nile. This country was first called Seba or Saba, and its people Sabeans. Cambyses, king of Persia, in an attempt to invade Ethiopia, 523 b. c., reached the border of Saba, and bestowed upon it and its chief city the name of MeroÎ after the name of his sister who was also his wife; and by that name it was known for ages. From its being long an important commercial center,

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MeroÎ "became owner of the richest countries on earth," and so powerful that at the beginning of the Christian era it ruled Ethiopia itself. For many years it was ruled by queens named Candace. "Pliny says that the centurions whom Nero sent to explore the country reported 'that a woman reigned over MeroÎ called Candace, a name which had descended to the queens for many years.' " It was the chief treasurer of one of these queens Candace who had been to Jerusalem to worship, and who while returning was reading the prophecies of Isaiah, when the Spirit of God said to Philip to go and join himself to the chariot, and to whom Philip then preached the gospel and baptized him, when he went on his way rejoicing. Acts 3:27-39.

All the rest of the sons of Cush settled in Arabia, and have of themselves no particular name or place in history.

Havilah dwelt in the modern Khawlan, the north western portion of Yemen on the Red Sea.

Sabtah dwelt east of Yemen in what in ancient times was ChatramotitÊ in Southern Arabia, in the place called Sabota.

Sabtecha was in the eastern part of Arabia on the west shore of the Persian Gulf.

Raamah with his two sons Sheba and Dedan peopled the eastern coast of Arabia on the Persian Gulf. Raamah and Sheba traded in Tyre with the chief of all spices, and with all precious stones and gold, and the eastern shore of Arabia in all ages has been famed for its spices. "There can be little doubt that in the classical name Regma, which is identical with the Septuagint equivalent for Raamah, we have a memorial of the

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Old Testament patriarch and of the country he colonized. The town of Regma was situated on the Arabian shore of the Persian Gulf, on the northern side of the long promontory which separates it from the ocean. It is interesting to note that on the southern side of the promontory a few miles distant, was the town called Dadena, evidently identical with Dedan. Around Regma, Ptolemy locates an Arab tribe of the Anariti. Pliny appears to call them EpimaranitÊ which, according to Forster, is just an anagrammatic form of RamanitÊ, the descendants of Raamah. . . . Of Sheba, the other son of Raamah, there has been found a trace in a ruined city so named (Sheb‡) on the island of Aw·l belonging to the province of Arabia called El-Bahreyn, on the shores of the Gulf. . . . There can be no doubt that the original settlements of the descendants of Raamah were upon the southwestern shores of the Persian Gulf."-McClintock and Strong. The people of Dedan were caravan-merchants from their coast to Palestine and to Tyre.

The last named but the greatest of the sons of Cush is

Nimrod, the mighty hunter, who began to be a mighty one in the earth. He was the founder of the first kingdom on earth, and the beginning of his kingdom was Babel, and Erech, and Accad, and Calneh, in the land of Shinar. The kingdom founded by Nimrod was overthrown by Kudur-Nakhunta, king of Elam, a not very remote ancestor of Chedor-laomer, king of Elam, who ruled in the time of Abram, raided Palestine and captured Lot: but "the fame of Nimrod has always been rife in the country of his domination. . . . Even at the present day his name lives in the mouth of the people inhabiting Chaldea and the adjacent regions, whose memory

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of ancient heroes is almost confined to three-Nimrod, Solomon, and Alexander. Wherever a mound of ashes is to be seen in Babylonia or the adjoining countries, the local traditions attach to it the name of Nimrud or Nimrod; and the most striking ruins now existing in the Mesopotamian valley, whether in its upper or its lower portion, are made in this way monuments of his glory."-Rawlinson, First Mon., chap. viii, par. 7.

It will thus be seen that there was a line of Cushite settlements extending from Ethiopia eastward across the whole southern part of Arabia clear to Babylon. Nor did they stop there for traces of them have been found on the coasts of Carmania and Gedrosia, along the Indian Ocean; and they even penetrated to the mountainous region of Central Asia, and the name of Cush still appears in the name of the mountains of Hindoo Koosh.

MIZRAIM

The place of Mizraim is Egypt itself, both upper and lower, extending from the cataracts of Syene about the twenty-fourth parallel north latitude, over all the valley of the Nile to the Mediterranean Sea. "In Hebrew Egypt is called Mizraim. . . . It describes the country with reference to its two great natural divisions, Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt, or the Delta. In the prophets Mazor occurs as the singular form, and means Lower Egypt, Pathros being used for Upper Egypt. . . The Hebrew Mazor is preserved in the Arabic Misr, pronounced Masr in the vulgar dialect of Egypt. It occurs in the Koran as the name of Egypt."-Encyc. Brit Says Joseph us, "The memory also of the Mcsraites is preserved in their name; for all who inhabit this country

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[of Judea] call Egypt Mestre, and the Egyptians Mestreans." But better proof than all these that Mizraim is Egypt, is a single passage in the book of Genesis. In the account of the funeral of Jacob, the record says: "And they came to the threshing-floor of Atad, which is beyond Jordan, and there they mourned with a great and very sore lamentation; and he [Joseph] made a mourning for his father seven days. And when the inhabitants of the land, the Canaanites, saw the mourning in the floor of Atad, they said, This is a grievous mourning to the Egyptians; wherefore the name of it was called Abelmizraim [that is, the mourning of the Egyptians-margin], which is beyond Jordan." Gen. 50:10, 11.

The sons of Mizraim all dwelt in the land of their father. They were "Ludim, and Anamim, and Lehabim, [see below] and Naphtuhim, and Pathrusim, and Casluhim (out of whom came Philistim), and Caphtorim." These seem to have inhabited the valley of the Nile, from Upper to Lower, almost in the order in which they are named. The Philistim were the Philistines who dwelt a little above the southeastern corner of the Mediterranean Sea, and from whom comes the name Palestine which the ancient "land of Canaan" still bears.

PHUT

The country of Phut is Libya. Jer. 46:9 speaks of "the Libyans that handle the shield," and the margin reads, for Libyans, "Hebrew, Put." Eze. 30:5 and 38:5 also speak of "Libya," and the margin in each place reads "Phut." Josephus says, "Phut also was the founder of Libya, and called the inhabitants Phutites from himself; there is also a river in the country

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of the Moors [Mauritania] which bears that name; whence it is that we may see the greatest part of the Grecian historiographers mention the river and the adjoining country by the appellation of Phut; but the name it has now has been by change given it from one of the sons of Mestraim, who was called Lybyos," that is, the Lehabim. "The ancient Lybians possessed the whole northern coast of Africa, from the confines of Egypt to the Straits [of Gibraltar], and all the country thence reaching to the southward as far as it was known to the Greeks and Romans. It would appear that they were the only inhabitants of all these coasts before the age which preceded the foundation of the Phenician colonies among them. . . . The Lybian speech is still preserved among the rustic tribes who inhabit Mount Atlas, and in various parts of the interior."-Prichard's Natural History of Man, vol. i, book ii, chap. x, sec. 2. Simon the Cyrenian, who bore the cross of the Saviour, was from Cyrene, the chief city of Northern Libya. It stood on that part of the African coast which projects into the Mediterranean, directly south of Greece. The original Libyans and Phutites are represented in the present Berbers and Tuaricks.

CANAAN

The land of Canaan, as everybody knows, was Palestine and Phenicia. "And the border of the Canaanites was from Sidon, as thou comest to Gerar, unto Gaza; as thou goest, unto Sodom and Gomorrah, and Admah, and Zeboim, even unto Lasha." And Canaan begat

Sidon, his firstborn. Even in the time of Joshua Sidon was known as the great Zidon (Josh. 11:8; 19:

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28). More than a thousand years before Christ the Sidonians were skillful workers in silver and gold. They stood for a long while pre-eminent in art, manufactures, and commerce. When Solomon began to build the temple, he said to Hiram, king of Tyre, "Thou knowest that there is not among us any that can skill to hew timber like unto the Sidonians." 1 Kings 5:6. The Sidonians furnished wives to Solomon, and Jezebel to Ahab, and the god Baal and the goddess Ashtoreth-Astarte, Venus-to Israel (1 Kings 11:1, 5). When Xerxes, in his great expedition against Greece, reached Abydos at the Hellespont, he erected a lofty throne and from it viewed all his forces of both land and sea. When this was over he ordered a sailing match among the ships of the different nations of his fleet, which was won by the Sidonians, "much to the joy of Xerxes, who was delighted alike with the race and with his army." The Sidonian ships were the most famous in the fleet. And when Xerxes made a grand review of his fleet he chose a Sidonian galley and sailed along the prows of the aligned ships (Herodotus, vii, 45, 99, 100).

A colony from Sidon founded Tyre, five miles down the coast, which soon totally eclipsed the mother city, and became the most opulent city in the world, "the mart of nations." Her builders were so skillful that they were said to have perfected her beauty; and to make the metal work about the temple Solomon sent and brought out of Tyre, Hiram, who was a son of a woman of Naphtali, "and his father was a man of Tyre, a worker in brass" (1 Kings 7:13, 14). Five hundred and eighty years before Christ, Tyre was so rich that she could make all her shipboards of fir, and her masts of

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cedar of Lebanon; her oars of oak of Bashan, and her benches of ivory from the isles of Chittim; her sails of fine linen with broidered work from Egypt, and her coverings of blue and purple from the isles of Elishah. The inhabitants of Zidon and Arvad were her mariners, her own wise men were her pilots, and her army was hired from Persia, Lud, Phut, and Arvad. Because of the multitude of all kind of riches, and the multitude of the wares of her own making, T·rshish came to trade in her fairs with silver, iron, tin, and lead. Javan, Tubal, and Mesheeh came with persons of men and vessels of brass. The house of Togarmah came with horses, horsemen, and mules. Dedan came with horns of ivory and ebony and with precious clothes for chariots. Syria came with emeralds, purple and broidered work, and fine linen, and coral, and agate. Damascus came with the wine of Helbon and white wool; Judah and Israel with wheat, and honey, and oil, and balm; Arabia came with lambs and rams and goats; Sheba and Raamah came with chief of all spices, and with precious stones and gold; Babylonia and Assyria came with all sorts of things in blue clothes and broidered work, chests of rich apparel bound with cords and made of cedar; and she enriched the kings of the earth with the multitude of her riches and her merchandise. See Ezekiel 27.

From Tyre, about 850 b. c., there went forth a colony and founded Carthage on the extreme northern point of Africa, where they built up an empire that "extended from the Straits of Gibraltar to the altars of the PhilÊni, near the Great Syrtis, where she touched on the territory of Cyrene. She possessed as provinces Sardinia and the Balearic Islands, and Malta and a few settlements

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in Spain and Gaul." She also held a part of Sicily. For four hundred years Carthage stood as the rival of the power of Rome, and when in 146 b. c. she was utterly destroyed, Rome speedily rose to universal dominion. Such was the course of Sidon the firstborn of Canaan.

Heth was the second son of Canaan, and was the father of the Hittites. From the sons of Heth Abraham bought the burying place of Sarah, the field of Ephron the Hittite, and there "Abraham buried Sarah his wife in the cave in the field of Machpelah before Mamre; the same is Hebron in the land of Canaan." Gen. 23:3-20. Esau took for wives two Hittite women "which were a grief of mind unto Isaac and to Rebecca" Gen. 26:34, 35. One hundred years after the burial of Sarah the Hittites had formed a considerable kingdom between the Euphrates, the valley of the Orontes, and the Sea. Two hundred years later they had established the most powerful monarchy in all that region, strong enough, indeed, to war, and make treaties, on equal terms with Egypt itself. Between them and the Pharaoh who began the oppression (Ex. 1:10-16) there was a war of fourteen years terminated at last by a peace recognizing the independence of the Hittites and the integrity of their territory, and as a bond of the peace a daughter of the king of the Hittites was given to Pharaoh, for a wife, to whom was given an Egyptian, name meaning, "Gift of the great Sun of Justice."

One of the men who was with David in the mountains hunted by Saul, was Abimelech the Hittite. One of David's thirty-seven valiant men was Uriah the Hittite. Solomon brought horses and chariots out of Egypt for the

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kings of the Hittites, and took women of the Hittites for wives. 1 Kings 10:29; 11:1. Even as late as the time of Elisha they had such a warlike reputation that when Ben-hadad king of Syria-Damascus-had besieged Samaria and had reduced it to the most abject straits, "the Lord made the host of the Syrians to hear a noise of chariots, and a noise of horses, even the noise of a great host; and they said one to another, Lo, the king of Israel hath hired against us the kings of the Hittites, and the kings of the Egyptians to come upon us. Wherefore they arose and fled in the twilight, and left their tents, and their horses, and their asses, even the camp as it was, and fled for their life." 2 Kings 7:6, 7.

Jebus was the third son of Canaan, from whom come the Jebusites. Jebus built Jerusalem, and the Jebusites were the inhabitants of Jerusalem. Judges 19:10 says of a traveler, that he "came over against Jebus, which is Jerusalem." Joshua 15:63 says, "As for the Jebusites the inhabitants of Jerusalem, the children of Judah could not drive them out; but the Jebusites dwell with the children of Judah at Jerusalem unto this day." It was only in the citadel, however, that they dwelt, for soon after entering the land the children of Judah fought against Jerusalem and took it. Judges 1:8. But when David had reigned six months in Hebron, "David and all Israel went to Jerusalem, which is Jebus; where the Jebusites were, the inhabitants of the land. And the inhabitants of Jebus said to David, Thou shalt not come hither. Nevertheless David took the castle of Zion, which is the city of David. And David said, Whosoever smiteth the Jebusites first shall be chief and captain. So Joab the son of Zeruiah went first up, and was

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chief. And David dwelt in the castle; therefore they called it the city of David." 1 Chron. 11:4-7; 2 Sam. 5:4-9. The temple of God that stood on Mount Moriah was built on the place of the threshing-floor that David bought from Ornan the Jebusite. 2 Chron. 3:1; 1 Chron 21:14-30; 22:1, 2.

The Amorites dwelt in Hazezon-tamar-Engedi-on the west of the Dead Sea, when Chedor-laomer invaded Palestine, for there he found them and smote them. Gen. 14:7. Some of them were confederate with Abraham, verse 13; and they seem to have been one of the principal people of Canaan, not only in numbers but in iniquity, because when the Lord showed Abram the course of his posterity through the Egyptian bondage, he said, "But in the fourth generation they shall come hither again; for the iniquity of the Amorites is not yet full." Gen. 15:16. Jacob took from the Amorite a portion which he gave to Joseph when he came to die. Gen. 48:22.

The Girgashites dwelt in the country that lay east of the Lake Gennesereth, the country of the Gergesenes. Matt. 8:28.

The Hivites dwelt about Salim in the time of Jacob. Shechem, the son of Hamor the Hivite, was a prince of the country, and wanted Dinah, Jacob's only daughter, for his wife. Gen. 34. Jacob bought a field of the sons of Hamor, for one hundred pieces of money. "And he erected there an altar, and called it El-elohe-Israel." When the children of Israel came from Egypt to Canaan the Hivites dwelt in Gibcon. It was these that played the trick on Joshua with their old, mouldy bread, and old sacks, and old wine bottles torn and bound up, as

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though they came as ambassadors from a far country, to make a league with Israel. Josh. 9:3-27. There were some remaining yet in the time of Solomon, upon whom he re-laid the tribute and bondservice. 1 Kings 9:20, 21.

The Arkites dwelt on the Phenician coast at the western base of Mount Lebanon. Arka or Arce was their chief town.

The Sinite dwelt in North Lebanon.

The Arradite inhabited a small island and a city called Arvad on the coast of Syria, opposite the mouth of the Eleutherus; also a portion of the mainland opposite. Tarsus was settled by a colony of them. From the Arvadites were "the men of Arvad" who were both sailors and soldiers for Tyre in her glory.

The Zemarite was located between the Jordan and Bethel.

The Hamathites formed a small kingdom in Syria on the Orontes where they founded the large and important city of Hamath, which still stands one of the oldest cities in the world. When David conquered the Syrians of Zobah, Toi was king of Hamath, and he sent his own son Joram to salute David "and to bless him, because he had fought against Hadadezer, and smitten him; for Hadadezer had wars with Toi. And Joram brought with him vessels of silver, and vessels of gold, and vessels of brass; which also King David did dedicate unto the Lord." 2 Sam. 8:9-11. Solomon conquered Hamath and built store cities there. 2 Chron. 8:3, 4. After the death of Solomon it regained its independence, but Jeroboam II. "recovered" it. 2 Kings 14:28. Pharaoh-nechoh put Jehoahaz in bands at Riblah in the land

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of Hamath; and Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon slew the sons of Zedekiah and put out Zedekiah's eyes at Riblah in the land of Hamath. 2 Kings 23:33; 25:6, 7, 21. Sennacherib overthrew the kingdom of Hamath in his day and considered it quite an important thing, for he made use of it to try to scare Hezekiah into a surrender. Isa. 37:12, 13. It is now under Turkish rule.

SHEM

The country immediately peopled by Shem and his sons lay between that of Ham and Japheth, and stretched from the western extremity of Asia Minor, and the mountains of Armenia, over all the valley drained by the Tigris and the Euphrates, and down both sides of the Persian Gulf to the Indian Ocean.

The first named of the sons of Shem is

ELAM

The country of Elam lay on the east of the Lower Tigris and Euphrates, with Media on the north, and the head of the Persian Gulf and Persia on the south. Its chief city, and one of the greatest of ancient times, was Susa, the Shushan of Scripture, and from it there was given to the country the artificial name of Susiana by which it is called almost altogether by others than the Bible writers. From Elam came the first great conqueror, and to Elam by him belongs the honor, if it be such, of having made the first successful attempt at Empire. For, more than nineteen hundred years before Christ, Chedor-laomer king of Elam, who "extended his dominion over Babylonia and the adjoining regions, marched an army a distance of 1,200 miles from the shores of the Persian Gulf to the Dead Sea, and held Palestine and Syria in subjection

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for twelve years, thus effecting conquests which were not again made from the same quarter till the time of Nebuchadnezzar, . . . has a good claim to be regarded as one of the most remarkable personages in the world's history. . . . At a time when the kings of Egypt had never ventured beyond their borders unless it were for a foray in Ethiopia, and when in Asia no monarch had held dominion over more than a few petty tribes, and a few hundred miles of territory, he conceived the magnificent notion of binding into one the manifold nations inhabiting the vast tract which lies between the Zagros mountain-range and the Mediterranean. Lord by inheritance (as we may presume) of Elam and Chaldea or Babylonia, he was not content with these ample tracts, but, coveting more, proceeded boldly on a career of conquest up the Euphrates Valley and through Syria, into Palestine. Successful here, he governed for twelve years, dominions extending near a thousand miles from cast to west, and from north to south probably not much short of five hundred."-Rawlinson, First Mon., chap. viii, par. 39.

When Samaria was taken, the ten tribes carried captive, and their land left desolate by Sargon king of Assyria, 721 b. c., the land was repeopled from other countries which had been subdued by the kings of Assyria. By Sargon there were people brought from Babylon and Cuthah, and from Ava, and from Hamath and from Sepharvaim, and placed in the cities of Samaria. 2 Kings 17:24. Afterward there were others brought up by Esar-haddon, grandson of Sargon, and among these were some Elamites. Ezra 4:2, 9, 10. When the Assyrian Empire had been destroyed, and the Babylonian

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arose, Elam was one of its provinces, and it was while there at the capital on business for the king of Babylon that Daniel had his great vision of the eighth chapter. Dan. 8:1, 2, 27. When, shortly afterward, the Medo-Persian Empire was established upon the ruin of the Babylonian, Elam bore no small part in the great work; for long before, to another prophet, God had shown the fall of Babylon, and had called, "Go up, O Elam; besiege, O Media." Isa. 21:2-10.

It was no small part, indeed, that Elam bore in this great event, for the Persians were children of Elam, and it was the Medes and Persians who destroyed Babylon (Dan. 5:28); it was "Cyrus the Persian" who led the forces before whom the Lord opened the two-leaved gates and brake in sunder the bars of iron, and whose name the Lord called more than a hundred years before he was born (Dan. (6:28; Isa. 45:1-4); and Cyrus king of Persia was of Elamite origin and the recognized chief of the Susianians. After the death of "Darius the Mede," Cyrus and his Persian successors ruled the Empire till its destruction by Alexander the Great. Such, in the world, and in history, is the place of Elam, the son of Shem.

Madai and Elam-the Medes and Persians-peopled the whole table-land of Iran or Central Asia, from the River Tigris to the River Indus, and from the Sea of Aral to far into Hindoostan. The Bactrians, the Sogdians, the Arians of Herat, the Hyrcanians, the Chorasmians, the Sarangians, the Sagartians, the Carmanians, the Hindoos, with many other less prominent peoples, and even the later Armenians and Cappadocians, were all of Medo-Persic stock.

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The second named of the sons of Shem is

ASSHUR

"Out of that land [of Shinar, Babel] went forth Asshur, and builded Nineveh, and the city Rehoboth, and Calah, and Resen, between Nineveh and Calah. Gen. 10:11, 12. And such was the origin of the great Assyrian nation and kingdom, whose kings are so often mentioned in the Bible, and that soon grew into an empire which, through Tiglath-pileser, Shalmaneser, Sargon, Sennacherib, Esar-haddon, and Asshur-bani-pal, ruled all the nations. "Behold, the Assyrian was a cedar in Lebanon with fair branches, and with a shadowing shroud, and of an high stature; and his top was among the thick boughs. The waters made him great, the deep set him up on high with her rivers running round about his plants, and sent out her little rivers unto all the trees of the field. Therefore his height was exalted above all the trees of the field, and his boughs were multiplied, and his brandies became long because of the multitude of waters, when he shot forth. All the fowls of heaven made their nests in his boughs, and under his branches did all the beasts of the field bring forth their young, and under his shadow dwelt all great nations:" Eze. 31:3-6. This great empire continued till b. c. 609, when Media, Babylon, and Egypt-Cyaxares, Nabopolassar, and Pharaoh-necho-allied themselves together in a revolt and destroyed it; and the Great Babylonian Empire of Nebuchadnezzar was soon established in its stead. From Asshur came the longest succession of great conquerors in the history of any nation except Rome. As a nation Assyria was independent for more

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than a thousand years, and maintained an Imperial supremacy for seven hundred years.

The third in the list, but the first of the sons of Shem is

ARPHAXAD

The country inhabited by Arphaxad was north of Assyria toward Armenia and the Caspian Sea. Arphaxad was the father of the Chaldeans, who before the days of Abraham migrated in such numbers to the country about Babel that the land of Shinar became equally the land of the Chaldees or Chaldeans, for the Bible says that Haran died "in the land of his nativity in Ur of the Chaldees," and that Terah took Abram and Sarai and Lot and "went forth with them out of Ur of the Chaldees;" while as late as the time of Zechariah it is also called "the land of Shinar." Zech. 5:11. Under Nabopolassar, the father of Nebuchadnezzar, the Chaldeans rose to power and dominion, and under Nebuchadnezzar himself they spread their empire over all nations, as the Assyrians had done before them. Dan. 1:1-4; 2:37, 38.

The fourth named of the sons of Shem is

LUD

Lud settled on the borders of Mesopotamia, north of Syria, whence his descendants spread into Asia Minor, took possession of the country, and founded the kingdom of Lydia, which 606 b. c. was one of the four great powers of the world-Lydia, Egypt, Media, and Babylon. It became a part of the Empire of Babylonia under Nebuchadnezzar, but after his death it regained its independence. Its kings ruled over all Asia Minor from the

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Hellespont to the River Halys, and in the war with Cyrus, King Crúsus was able to take into the field 420,000 foot and 60,000 horse. He was defeated, however, and was followed by Cyrus to his capital, Sardis, which was taken, and with it the king; and Lydia was made a province of the Medo-Persian Empire, and never recovered its independence. This King Crúsus of Lydia was the richest monarch in the world in his day, and "as rich as Crúsus" is yet the synonym of untold wealth. Sardis, Thyatira, and Philadelphia, whose churches are named in the New Testament, were cities of Lydia. "The Lydians . . . have a two-fold interest in this dawn of Hellenic history. First, they represent the earliest kingdom of Asia Minor of which anything is certainly known. Secondly, they are on land what the Phúnicians are on the sea,-carriers or mediators between the Greeks and the East."-Encyclopedia Britannica, article Greece, Prehistoric Period.

The last named of the sons of Shem is

ARAM

The country of Aram was AramsÊa or Syria, and Northern Mesopotamia, that is, the country north of Palestine and Phenicia, and the north country between the Euphrates and the Tigris below Armenia. In Num. 23:7 the Hebrew word Ar‚m is rendered Aram, while in Judges 3:10 the same word is translated Mesopotamia, and in Judges 10:6 it is translated Syria. Where David conquered and put garrisons in "Syria of Damascus," it is in Hebrew, Aram-Dammesek. Wherever the Hebrew word Aram is used with reference to the people of Aram, King James's version always translates

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it Syrians. Damascus was the capital of Syria-AramÊa-and Isa. 7:8 says, "The head of Syria is Damascus." Damascus is one of the very oldest cities in the world. It was "unto Hobah which is on the left hand of Damascus" that Abraham pursued "Chedor-laomer and the kings that were with him" after he had defeated them at Dan. Eliezer of Damascus was the steward of Abram's house. There were many wars between Syria and Israel. Naaman the Syrian was healed of his leprosy by the direction of Elisha the prophet; yet he at first disdained to wash in Jordan because that Abana and Pharpar, rivers of Damascus, were better than all the waters of Israel. 2 Kings 5. The king of Syria with his horses and chariots surrounded the city of Dothan in the night, to take Elisha the next morning, "and when the servant of the man of God was risen early, and gone forth, behold, an host compassed the city both with horses and chariots. And his servant said unto him, Alas, my master! how shall we do? And he answered, Fear not; for they that be with us are more than they that be with them. And Elisha prayed, and said, Lord, I pray thee, open his eyes, that he may see. And the Lord opened the eyes of the young man; and he saw; and, behold, the mountain was full of horses and chariots of fire round about Elisha." 2 Kings 6:13-17. It was as Saul of Tarsus came near to Damascus, on his errand of persecution, that he was "apprehended of Christ Jesus." And after he had gone into Arabia, he returned to Damascus, and the governor of the city, under Aretas the king, kept the city with a garrison desirous to apprehend him: and through a widow, in a basket, was he let down by the wall and escaped his hands. Damascus was for a

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time the capital of the Mahometan Empire, and in the palmy days of Saracen rule was one of the greatest manufacturing cities in the world.

Aram had four sons, Uz, Hul, Gether, and Mash.

Uz gave his name to a portion of country known as "the land of Uz" of which Job was an inhabitant. It lay a little southeast of Palestine, above the thirtieth parallel, and toward the border of Chaldea, in what is known as Arabia Deserta.

Hul dwelt in and gave name to a district at the foot of the mountains of Lebanon, north of Lake Merom through which the Jordan flows. The Arabic name of the lake is yet Bahr-el-Huleh.

Gether is not now known, says "Smith's Dictionary of the Bible." "No satisfactory trace of the people sprung from this stock has been found."

Mash inhabited the country of the mountains of Masius-Mons Masius-which form the northern boundary of Mesopotamia, between the Tigris and the Euphrates.

"And Arphaxad begat Salah, and Salah begat Eber. And unto Eber were born two sons: the name of one was Peleg; for in his days the earth was divided; and his brother's name was

"Joktan, who, in Arabic is called Kahtan, the great progenitor of all the purest tribes of Central and Southern Arabia."-Rawlinson, Origin of Nations. Joktan had thirteen sons: Almodad, Sheleph, Hazarmaveth, Jerah, Hadoram, Uzal, Diklah, Obal, Abimael, Sheba, Ophir, Havilah, and Jobab. "All these were the sons of Joktan." The dwelling-place is given us by the Scripture itself, "And their dwelling was from Mesha,

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as thou goest unto Sephar a mount of the East." Gen. 10:30. The limits here defined would give all of South-western Arabia below the twentieth parallel, and is mostly comprised in the provinces of Hadramaut and Yemen, and is a part of Arabia Felix, that is, Arabia the Happy. As the region is thus plainly pointed out it will not be necessary to mention the sons of Joktan in detail. We shall only locate the most important ones.

Hazarmareth is the one from whom comes the name Hadramaut that now defines the central region of the southern coast of the Arabian Peninsula.

Ophir. The place where Ophir dwelt is proverbial in the Scriptures for the fineness and preciousness of its gold. Of Arabia the Happy, Gibbon says, "The soil was impregnated with gold and gems, and both the land and sea were taught to exhale the odors of aromatic sweets. Agatharcides affirms that lumps of pure gold were found from the size of an olive to that of a nut; that iron was twice, and silver ten times the value of gold. These real or imaginary treasures are vanished; and no gold mines are at present known in Arabia."-Decline and Fall, chap. 1, par. 2 and note.

Sheba was a place whence came incense. Says the Lord by Jeremiah, "To what purpose cometh there to me incense from Sheba, and sweet cane from a far country." Jer. 6:20. "The aromatics, especially the thus, or frankincense, of Arabia, occupy the twelfth book of Pliny." Our great poet (Paradise Lost, book iv.) introduces, in a simile, the spicy odors that are blown by the northeast wind from the SabÊan Coast:-

'-Many a league,

Pleased with the grateful scent old Ocean smiles.' "-Id.

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Sheba was the most notable of the sons of Joktan, and this name was for a time equivalent to the whole district peopled by the JoktanidÊ. It was the queen of this Sheba that made the memorable visit to Solomon. Nor has Joktan been behind any of the other sons of Shem in the matter of empire. In a. d. 622 there arose one of the sons of Joktan-Mahomet-and started a course of conquest that never halted nor suffered a check until, through his successors, "their empire comprised the whole basin of the Mediterranean, with the exception of its northern side; in Africa its only limits were the great central desert; in Asia the plateau of Kobi and the Indus, and throughout almost all these regions the Arab element either remained absolutely predominant down to our own time, or has at least left distinct traces of its existence;" and established a religion that to-day is held by about one-seventh of the inhabitants of the world.

"These are the families of the sons of Noah, after their generations, in their nations; and by these were the nations divided in the earth after the flood."

Noah said, "God shall enlarge Japheth," and so we see the word fulfilled, even to the width of the world. For, speaking without definite lines, Ham peopled Africa, Palestine, and Phenicia; Shem peopled Asia Minor, the valley of the Tigris and Euphrates, and Arabia; and Japheth peopled all the rest of the world.

THE DESCENDANTS OF PELEG

Peleg begat Reu, and Reu begat Serug, and Serug begat Nahor, and Nahor begat Terah, and Terah begat Abram. And to Abram God said, "Get thee out of

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thy country, and from thy kindred, and from thy father's house, unto a land that I will shew thee; and I will make of thee a great nation, and I will bless thee, and make thy name great; and thou shalt be a blessing; and I will bless them that bless thee, and curse him that curseth thee; and in thee shall all families of the earth be blessed." Gen. 12:1-3. Then the Lord changed his name from Abram to Abraham, saying: "As for me, behold, my covenant is with thee, and thou shalt be a father of many nations. Neither shall thy name any more be called Abram, but thy name shall be Abraham; for a father of many nations have I made thee. And I will make thee exceeding fruitful, and I will make nations of thee, and kings shall come out of thee." Gen. 17:4-6. And Abraham begat Isaac, and Isaac begat Jacob, whom God called Israel, and Jacob begat the twelve patriarchs, whose descendants "are Israelites; to whom pertaineth the adoption, and the glory, and the covenants, and the giving of the law, and the service of God, and the promises; whose are the fathers, and of whom as concerning the flesh Christ came, who is over all, God blessed forever. Amen." Rom. 9:4, 5.

SUPPLEMENTAL NOTE

Immediately following "8. The Sarmatians," on page 260, read the following:-

9. The Parthians, who gave name to the country of Parthia, in Central Asia. They were subdued by the great Cyrus, and their country became one of the most important provinces of the Medo-Persian Empire. They regained their independence about 250 b. c., by a successful revolt from the rule of Antiochus Theos, one of the "successors" of Alexander the Great. The leader in the revolt was named Arsaces, and that name was assumed as the kingly title by all his successors, as in Egypt Pharaoh was used in early times, and Ptolemy in later. The kingdom thus established went forward, in a continuous course of success until it became an empire ruling "all the lands of Central Asia," "from the Indian Caucasus to the Euphrates," and continued four hundred and seventy-eight years, from b. c. 250 to a. d. 228. By inflicting two terrible defeats upon the Roman armies-the defeat of Crassus at Carrhae, b. c. 53, and the defeat of Macrinus at Nisibis, a. d. 217 and 218-they "forced the arrogant Romans to respect them, and to allow that there was at least one nation which could meet them on equal terms and not be worsted in the encounter;" and by a contest of nearly three hundred years they "obtained recognition . . . as the second power in the world, the admitted rival of Rome, the only real counterpoise upon the earth to the power which ruled from the Euphrates to the Atlantic Ocean."-Rawlinson, Sixth Mon., chap. XI, par. 19. In a. d. 228 the power of the Parthians was permanently broken by the rise of the Persian Artaxerxes, the son of Sasan, who established the New Persian or Sassanian Empire.